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     <dc:title xml:lang="fr">Physiopathologie de l'échinococcose alvéolaire : IL-33 et pistes thérapeutiques</dc:title>
     <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">Pathophysiology of alveolar echinococcosis : IL-33 and new therapeutic strategies</dcterms:alternative>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Échinococcose alvéolaire</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Echinococcus multilocularis</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">immunologie</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Treg</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">angiogénèse</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">nanoparticules</dc:subject>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="en">alveolar echinococcosis</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Echinococcus multilocularis</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">immunology</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Treg</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">angiogenesis</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">nanoparticles</dc:subject>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="034045597">Échinococcose alvéolaire</tef:elementdEntree>
					</tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun><tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun>
						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="034045538">Echinococcus multilocularis</tef:elementdEntree>
					</tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun><tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun>
						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="199730180">Lymphocytes T régulateurs</tef:elementdEntree>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="029340233">Néovascularisation</tef:elementdEntree>
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     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">L’échinococcose alvéolaire (EA) est une maladie sévère due à l’infection par la forme larvaire d’Echinococcus multilocularis, appelée métacestode. Au cours de l’EA, le métacestode se développe dans le foie où une réponse initiale Th1/Th17 peut conduire à son élimination chez les individus résistants. Chez les individus sensibles, une réponse Th2 se met en place plus tardivement, conduisant à la tolérance au parasite. Le rôle de l’IL-33, une alarmine libérée durant la nécrose et connue pour orienter l’immunité vers une réponse Th2, n’a pas encore été décrite dans l’EA. Dans un modèle murin d’EA péritonéale, l’IL-33 était associée à une accélération de la croissance parasitaire possiblement due à la polarisation des macrophages en M2 tolérogènes et à la libération de cytokines anti-inflammatoires comme IL-10 et TGF-β1. L’IL-33 est une alarmine clé dans la physiopathologie de l’EA qui médie l’effet tolérogène de la réponse systémique Th2. Il existe un besoin urgent de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour la prise en charge de l’EA, pour laquelle il n’y a pas de chimiothérapie curative.  Nous avons formulé des nanoparticules de PLGA-PEG-COOH chargée de méfloquine (NP-méf), un composé hautement actif in vitro contre E. multilocularis mais insuffisamment in vivo. Les NP-méf étaient stables au moins 7 jours, et capables de traverser la couche externe acellulaire du métacestode en moins de 5 min, et ainsi d’atteindre la couche germinale qui contient les cellules vivantes.  Les NP-méf sont de bons candidats pour le traitement de l’EA, car elles peuvent délivrer ce composé hautement actif directement dans le parasite.</dcterms:abstract>
     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe disease due to the infection with the E. multilocularis larval stage, so-called metacestode. During AE, the metacestode develops in the liver where the initial Th1/Th17 response can lead to its clearance in resistant patients. In susceptible patients, a Th2 response initiate later, leading to tolerance to the parasite. The role of IL-33, an alarmin released during necrosis and known to drive immunity toward a Th2 phenotype, has not been described yet in AE. In a mouse model of peritoneal AE, IL-33 was associated with an acceleration of the parasite growth, possibly due to macrophage polarization into tolerogenic M2, and to release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β1. IL-33 is a key alarmin in AE pathophysiology which mediates the tolerogenic effect of systemic Th2 response. There is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies in AE management, for which there is no curative chemotherapy. We developed PLGA-PEG-COOH nanoparticles loaded with mefloquine (mef-NP), which is a compound highly active in vitro bu poorly in vivo against E. multilocularis. Mef-NP were stable at least 7 days and they could cross the outer acellular layer of the metacestode in less than 5 min, reaching the germinal layer which contains the living cells. Mef-NP are good candidates for treatment of AE, because they can deliver this highly active compound directly into the parasite.</dcterms:abstract>
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